However, the invasion fell apart: the men of the Kingdom of Lindsey, who had promised to supply horses for a tactical raid, were not ready before the English nobles had reinstalled King Æthelred (whom they had previously sent into exile), after forcing him to agree to govern less harshly. When his father died on 3 February 1014 during an invasion of England, Cnut, who had been left in command of the fleet in the River Trent while Sweyn was in the south of England, was acclaimed by the Danes. See also: History of Anglo-Saxon England and Cnut the Great's invasion of EnglandĬnut was the younger son of the Danish king Sweyn Forkbeard. Historically, the union was referred to by its individual parts: the kingdoms of Denmark, Norway, and England. The term "North Sea Empire" was coined by historians at the beginning of the 20th century, although the conception of Canute's domains as having constituted an empire can be found as early as 1623, in John Speed's Histoire of Great Britaine.
At the height of his power, when Cnut ruled all three kingdoms (1028–1035), he was the most powerful ruler in western Europe after the Holy Roman Emperor. He died in 1035 and his realm was again divided, but his successor in Denmark, Harthacnut, inherited England in 1040 and ruled it until his death in 1042. His son Cnut the Great acquired England in 1016, Denmark in 1018 and Norway in 1028. He died in the following year, and his realm was divided. The first king to unite all three kingdoms was Sweyn Forkbeard, king of Denmark since 986 and of Norway since 1000, when he conquered England in 1013. This ephemeral Norse-ruled empire was a thalassocracy, its components only connected by and dependent upon the sea. The North Sea Empire, also known as the Anglo-Scandinavian Empire, was the personal union of the kingdoms of England, Denmark and Norway for most of the period between 10 towards the end of the Viking Age.
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